Scientists finally discover gravitational waves that were predicted a century ago.
A very special burst of waves from deep space has forever changed the way we look at the universe. These aren’t water waves or waves of light. They are gravity waves, tiny ripples produced by massive objects moving very quickly.
Two black holes produced the newly reported waves when they collided at some point roughly 1.3 billion years ago. Black holes are massive objects that trap light because their gravity is so strong.
Scientists announced the long-awaited discovery of these waves on February 11. That was a century after the famous physicist Albert Einstein first predicted gravity waves would exist. They are also describing their data in a paper published February 11 in Physical Review Letters.
"It's the first time the universe has spoken to us through gravitational waves," LIGO laboratory executive director David Reitze said at a press conference February 11. "As we open a new window on astronomy, we may see things we never saw before."
Their discovery now gives scientists a new tool for studying the universe. Astronomers need these tools because not everything in the universe can be seen through a telescope. Stars, galaxies and other bright objects emit light that travels to Earth. But black holes are truly black. They don’t emit light, so telescopes can’t see them.
“Gravitational waves allow us to look at the universe not just with light but with gravity,” says Shane Larson. He’s an astrophysicist at Northwestern University in Evanston, Ill.
The discovery immediately becomes a likely candidate for a Nobel Prize. And that's not just because it ties a neat bow around decades of evidence supporting a major prediction by Einstein. In 1916, he came up with the idea for gravitational waves, also called gravity waves. He had just introduced his famous theory of general relativity. That theory says that objects with mass will curve space, similar to how a person standing on a trampoline will bend the fabric. The bending of space changes the motion of nearby objects. For example, the sun’s mass forces Earth to orbit the star in an ellipse, not just move in a straight line.
Earth, the sun and other massive objects should produce gravity waves in space as they move. These waves should then spread out from the object like ripples in a pond. Objects with a lot of mass packed into a small area, such as black holes, should produce the most intense waves.
But even very intense gravity waves can be really hard to detect. They can’t be seen, heard or felt as they pass by. Physicists have needed a special observatory. The first to now pick up those waves is called the Advanced Laser Interferometer Gravitational-wave Observatory, or Advanced LIGO. This observatory consists of two detectors. One is in Livingston, La., the other in Hanford, Wash. It sensed the waves during start-up tests, four days before the upgraded observatory was due to officially begin making observations.
Each detector has two long tubes that meet at a right angle to form a giant "L." Physicists shoot a laser beam down each tube. The beams are exactly 4 kilometers (a little less than 2.5 miles) long. When gravity waves reached the observatory on September 14, 2015, they slightly stretched one tube and squeezed the other. As a result, instead of 4 kilometers, one laser beam traveled about 3.99999999999999999999 kilometers and the other 4.00000000000000000001 kilometers.
The burst of waves lasted less than a second. Scientists analyzed those waves and figured out that they came from two black holes swirling around each other. One was roughly 36 times as massive as the sun, the other about 29 times as massive. The waves got more intense as the black holes got closer. Finally, the black holes merged into one giant. Their collision happened at least 750 million light-years away. That's a distance of some 7.1 billion trillion kilometers (4.4 billion trillion miles) from Earth. But that's the likely minimum distance. The max? Perhaps 1.86 billion light-years away.
The size of the new black created by the merging of the two smaller ones had a mass about 62 times that of our sun. The missing three suns' worth of mass wasn't lost. It was transformed into energy (as Einstein had predicted in E=mc2). That energy then radiated out in all directions as gravity waves. And here's the really amazing idea: The power output during that mass-to-energy conversion was greater than the power output, at the same time, of all of the other stars in the universe.
In the future, Advanced LIGO may capture gravity waves produced by exploding stars, called supernovas, or by pairs of neutron stars, the cores of stars that have already exploded. Black holes, neutron stars and exploding stars are some of the most extreme objects the universe has to offer.
Advanced LIGO isn’t the only system built to scout for gravity waves. A similar experiment in Italy called Advanced Virgo will join the hunt later this year. Other scientists want to conduct the search in outer space with a mission called eLISA. They are planning to launch three satellites in the 2030s that will also use lasers to detect gravity waves.
Power Words
astronomy The area of science that deals with celestial objects, space and the physical universe. People who work in this field are called astronomers.
astrophysics An area of astronomy that deals with understanding the physical nature of stars and other objects in space. People who work in this field are known as astrophysicists.
Big Bang The rapid expansion of dense matter that, according to current theory, marked the origin of the universe. It is supported by physics’ current understanding of the composition and structure of the universe.
black hole A region of space having a gravitational field so intense that no matter or radiation (including light) can escape.
ellipse An oval curve that is geometrically a flattened circle.
general relativity A set of mathematical expressions that define gravity and space over time (also known as spacetime). It was first published by Albert Einstein in November 1915. The field of research that focuses on this is described as relativistic.
gravitational waves (also known as gravity waves) Ripples in the fabric of space that are produced when masses undergo sudden acceleration. Some are believed to have been unleashed during the Big Bang, when the universe got its explosive start.
gravity Schools tend to teach that gravity is the force that attracts anything with mass, or bulk, toward any other thing with mass. The more mass that something has, the greater its gravity. But Einstein’s general theory of relativity redefined it, showing that gravity is not an ordinary force, but instead a property of space-time geometry. Gravity essentially can be viewed as a curve in spacetime, because as a body moves through space, it follows a curved path owing to the far greater mass of one or more objects in its vicinity.
laser A device that generates an intense beam of coherent light of a single color. Lasers are used in drilling and cutting, alignment and guidance, in data storage and in surgery.
LIGO (short for Laser Interferometer Gravitational wave Observatory) A system of two detectors, separated at a great geographical distance, that are used to register the presence of passing gravitational waves.
mass A number that shows how much an object resists speeding up and slowing down — basically a measure of how much matter that object is made from.
neutron star The very dense corpse of what had once been a star with a mass four to eight times that of our sun. As the star died in a supernova explosion, its outer layers shot out into space. Its core then collapsed under its intense gravity, causing protons and electrons in its atoms to fuse into neutrons (hence the star’s name). Astronomers believe neutron stars form when large stars undergo a supernova but aren’t big massive enough to form a black hole. A single teaspoonful of a neutron star, on Earth, would weigh a billion tons.
orbit The curved path of a celestial object or spacecraft around a star, planet or moon. One complete circuit around a celestial body.
physics The scientific study of the nature and properties of matter and energy. Classical physics is an explanation of the nature and properties of matter and energy that relies on descriptions such as Newton’s laws of motion. Quantum physics, a field of study which emerged later, is a more accurate way of explaining the motions and behavior of matter. A scientist who works in that field is known as a physicist.
satellite A moon orbiting a planet or a vehicle or other manufactured object that orbits some celestial body in space.
star The basic building block from which galaxies are made. Stars develop when gravity compacts clouds of gas. When they become dense enough to sustain nuclear-fusion reactions, stars will emit light and sometimes other forms of electromagnetic radiation. The sun is our closest star.
supernova (plural: supernovae or supernovas) A massive star that suddenly increases greatly in brightness because of a catastrophic explosion that ejects most of its mass.
telescope Usually a light-collecting instrument that makes distant objects appear nearer through the use of lenses or a combination of curved mirrors and lenses. Some, however, collect radio emissions (energy from a different portion of the electromagnetic spectrum) through a network of antennas.
theory (in science) A description of some aspect of the natural world based on extensive observations, tests and reason. A theory can also be a way of organizing a broad body of knowledge that applies in a broad range of circumstances to explain what will happen. Unlike the common definition of theory, a theory in science is not just a hunch. Ideas or conclusions that are based on a theory — and not yet on firm data or observations — are referred to as theoretical. Scientists who use mathematics and/or existing data to project what might happen in new situations are known as theorists.
universe The entire cosmos: All things that exist throughout space and time. It has been expanding since its formation during an event known as the Big Bang, some 13.8 billion years ago (give or take a few hundred million years).
wave A disturbance or variation that travels through space and matter in a regular, oscillating fashion.
